Since the establishment of its original mandate as a purely economic union, the competences of the European Union have rapidly expanded, not least in the area of environmental policy making. This increase in competency areas has also affected the accession conditions for Turkey – the necessity...

‘Legal uncertainty’ is the uncertainty experienced by the parties to a lawsuit with respect to the outcome of litigation. When the consequences of a judgment extend to third parties, legal uncertainty can spread into markets and become ‘market uncertainty’. Thus, market uncertainty has...

Within European climate change and energy policy, the European Emissions Trading Scheme (‘EU ETS’) occupies a prominent role. This article considers the developing case law of the European Courts on the EU ETS. Specific attention is paid to the role of the different actors within the EU ETS...

Within economic theory, emission trading schemes have long been advocated for their relative simplicity and their allocative and dynamic efficiency. Despite these apparent strengths, regulators have only recently started to meaningfully incorporate emission trading into their toolbox. This...