The role of permanent carbon dioxide removal (CDR) from the atmosphere is currently the subject of intensive discussion within the context of developing a new EU emis­sions reduction target for 2040 and a German long-term strategy on negative emissions. At the same time, a short-term strategy...

This study examines the link between environmental indicators and output volatility unlike the previous literature that mainly emphasized the importance of carbon emissions and economic growth nexus. Output uncertainty is considered a serious global issue as it undermines economic gains and...