The North-West of Russia is characterized by a large renewable energy resource base in geographic proximity to the EU. At the same time, EU Member States are bound by mandatory renewable energy targets which could prove to be costly to achieve in the current budgetary context and which often...

Following the European Union (EU) experience, an increasing number of countries are establishing an Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS). The EU ETS often serves as a ‘model' despite fundamental differences in the receiving environment. In the EU liberalized energy markets, carbon prices are...

Given the capital-intensive and long-term nature of the energy and low-carbon infrastructure, investors repeatedly highlight regulatory stability as an essential precondition to the transfer of private capital and technology to the development and decarbonisation of energy supply. The Third...

The introduction of an Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) to decarbonise the Chinese economy faces challenges relating to the tradition of heavy regulation that characterises the functioning of the largest carbon-emitting sector – coal-fired electricity production. This article examines what scope...

This paper analyses the ECT from the perspective of the protection of Russian investments in downstream energy markets, in particular in the EU. Based on a primarily legal approach, this paper takes the Russian perspective and focuses on jurisdictional issues relating to the possibility for...