Concern is growing in the European Union that a rapprochement between Russia and China could have negative implications for the EU. We argue that energy relations between the EU and Russia and between China and Russia influence each other. We analyse their interactions in terms of four areas:...

In 2022, the European Union (EU) has managed to safeguard security of energy supply during a perfect storm. As we leave the peak of the crisis behind us, the EU now needs to deal with its longer-term industrial repercussions. The price of energy will likely stay above historic levels and above...

In this paper we show that market integration in the European Union can reduce the cost of electricity. First, through various case studies, we indicate that competition and integration in the different electricity market segments have led to substantial cost savings. Second, we show that...

In this paper we show that market integration in the European Union can reduce the cost of electricity. First, through various case studies, we indicate that competition and integration in the different electricity market segments have led to substantial cost savings. Second, we show that...

In a period of stress in the relationship between the European Union and Turkey, cooperation over energy could be a bright spot, because of strong mutual interests. However, EU-Turkey cooperation over energy requires a rethink. Up to now, gas and electricity have represented the main components...

In the wake of the Russian aggression against Ukraine, major sanctions have been imposed by Western countries, most notably with the aim of limiting Russia's access to hard international currency. However, Russia remains the world's first exporter of oil and gas, and at current energy prices...