This paper considers the possibility of both a linear effect and nonlinear effect of energy consumption on economic growth, using data for the period 1955–2003 in Taiwan. We find evidence of a level-dependent effect between the two variables. Allowing for a nonlinear effect of energy...

This study is the first to apply a newly developed panel smooth transition regression model with the error-correction term (PSECM) to estimate the non-linear relationship among energy consumption, real income and real energy prices for 24 OECD countries. Unlike the existing literature on...

Carbon emission is one of the major problems during energy consumption. Many countries are trying to reduce it with a focus on carbon neutrality. Bridging this gap, we considered energy consumption in the monopoly market. In this research, the CO2 emissions problem has been solved considering...