Concern is growing in the European Union that a rapprochement between Russia and China could have negative implications for the EU. We argue that energy relations between the EU and Russia and between China and Russia influence each other. We analyse their interactions in terms of four areas:...

In this paper we show that market integration in the European Union can reduce the cost of electricity. First, through various case studies, we indicate that competition and integration in the different electricity market segments have led to substantial cost savings. Second, we show that...

In a period of stress in the relationship between the European Union and Turkey, cooperation over energy could be a bright spot, because of strong mutual interests. However, EU-Turkey cooperation over energy requires a rethink. Up to now, gas and electricity have represented the main components...

Europe's energy system faces unprecedented physical and institutional stress. The policy response so far has been excessively nationally focussed and could undermine the goals of calming energy markets over the next 18 months and achieving ambitious decarbonisation targets. At the basis of the...

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine was a wake-up call for Europe regarding its unhealthy levels of dependence on the energy and metals fronts, and the associated threats this posed to its competitiveness. Meanwhile, the need to decarbonize the economy has become ever more pressing. Soon after the...

Only by decarbonizing its economy and reducing energy and raw-material dependencies can the EU safeguard its competitiveness in the global markets. Postponing policies to decarbonize the energy system will increase long-run welfare losses. Decarbonization offers great potential for improving...

Three quarters of the European Union’s greenhouse gas emissions stem from burning coal, oil and natural gas to produce energy services, including heating for buildings, transportation and operation of machinery. The transition to climate neutrality means these services must be provided without...

In 2022, the European Union (EU) has managed to safeguard security of energy supply during a perfect storm. As we leave the peak of the crisis behind us, the EU now needs to deal with its longer-term industrial repercussions. The price of energy will likely stay above historic levels and above...

In this paper we show that market integration in the European Union can reduce the cost of electricity. First, through various case studies, we indicate that competition and integration in the different electricity market segments have led to substantial cost savings. Second, we show that...