Microbial risk assessment (MRA) is a process that evaluates the likelihood of adverse human health effects following exposure to a medium in which pathogens are present. Several different classes of models are available to quantitatively characterize risks to human health from exposure to...

The low bid method has been the most common competitive bid selection approach used for public projects in the U.S. construction industry. This method is usually coupled with a prequalification process to ensure that the lowest bidder has the financial capacity, the necessary experience, and...

The management of innovation is a complex task and the management of suppliers' innovative activities is especially so because it involves managing technological factors across the traditional boundaries of the firm. This paper explores the determinants of suppliers' innovative activities by...