This study analyses the factors influencing coaching decisions when substituting players, particularly in light of the rule change from three to five permitted substitutions. To this end, 161 coaches and their decisions are analysed in 1,836 Bundesliga matches from 2017/2018 to 2022/2023,...

Referees and their assistants are faced with the challenge of making correct decisions in complex and high-speed game situations. Subconscious bias on the part of referees and the resulting systematic favouring of teams have already been shown many times in sports economics and impair fairness...