direct effect of openness on poverty reduction. The results also suggest that the impact of growth on poverty is greater for … transformation. The standard trade theory postulates that trade openness contributes to poverty alleviation directly by changing … the trade-to-grossdomestic-product ratio to measure openness often fail to find a direct effect of openness on poverty over …

alive, enterprises afloat, and households out of poverty. The pandemic has macroeconomic dimensions. First, it affects … macroeconomic stability and growth. Second, the tools of macroeconomic policy-fiscal and monetary policy together with debt …

outward development with export-led growth, industrialisation or growth with predominant primary goods exports, foreign …-run continuous growth and development performance with more resilience against adverse shocks is key. Almost all larger middle …