We offer an alternative to the conventional 'exchange of favours' story for participation in environmental VA's. The model has a variety of unconventional implications and whilst the environmental application is topical it could be used to explain pro-social behaviour in settings as diverse as...

Firms and environmental NGO's contest regulatory, legal and other Decisions in a variety of fora including law courts, administrative tribunals and the media. Environmental advocacy in the 1990's is big business, yet its organisation has been little studied. How can NGO's with differing...