GSD is used to determine the risk efficiency of nine different technologies of land application. The analysis shows that organic applications for crop phosphorus needs are the most environmentally efficient. Under producer risk aversion, inorganic fertilizer application is the most economically...

This paper addresses the issue of the shadow price of environmental bads treated as an undesirable output (normal input) with weak (strong) disposability in a two-stage estimation. Nebraska agriculture sector time series data used is spread over 1936-94. Results indicate the difference in the...

The implications of treating environmental pollution as an undesirable output (weak disposability) as well as a normal input (strong disposability) on the direct and indirect shadow price and cost estimates of nitrogen pollution abatement is analyzed using Nebraska agriculture sector data. The...