Scientists consider that some climate change is already inevitable, even if anthropogenic greenhouse emissions are stabilised immediately. Adaptation measures are therefore needed, irrespective of any mitigation action. But policy discussion is focussed on deterministic responses, generally...

A factor common to all adaptation measures is the uncertainty that is the hallmark of climate change. The timing, intensity and location of climate change impacts is not known to any degree of precision. Because most deterministic analyses and policy prescriptions ignore this uncertainty, their...

Adaptation of natural and human systems to climate change is receiving increased attention. The academic literature covers a wide spectrum of perspectives. Policy considerations, on the other hand, are largely driven by techno-scientific considerations. In particular, these include a...