This paper provides empirical evidence of an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis for Portugal by applying autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing approach from 1971 to 2008. In order to capture Portugal’s historical experience, demographic changes and international trade on...

The paper provides empirical evidence of an EKC – a relationship between income and environmental degradation for Portugal by applying autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) to times series data. In order to capture Portugal’s historical experience, demographic changes, and international...

The study is aim to explore the existence of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) in case of Thailand over the period of 1971-2010. The EKC relationship posits that as economy grows, measured by per capita income, at the initial stage energy pollutants increase; but starts falling after a certain...