We explore how multilateral environmental regulations may adversely affect trade flows between countries with different incomes. Using the gravity equation, we examine the effect on bilateral trade flows of increases in environmental regulation stringency ratings, taken from survey data covering...

This paper describes the economic analyses such as benefit-cost analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, and risk-risk analysis that could be used to improve environmental rulemaking if Congress were to implement the Clean Air Act such that EPA could consider costs when setting National Ambient...

We show that multilateral environmental regulations may affect trade flows differently than unilaterally generated regulations. Using the gravity equation, we test the effect on bilateral trade flows of increases in environmental regulation stringency ratings, taken from survey data, with a...