Reflections on how much voluntary expenditure a company should make on environmental-protection measures are dominated by the discussion of relevant direct internal costs. Compulsory spending on environmental protection (e.g. expenditure forced by regulations) is not taken into account here,...

This paper provides an overview of current trends, state of art and best-practice in environmental cost accounting as well as a discussion of how it complements environmental performance and eco-efficiency indicators. It addresses a number of current approaches to ECA. Among others, these will...