Sophisticated data of the experimental DCV (discharging/charging voltage) of a lithium-ion battery is required for high-accuracy SOC (state-of-charge) estimation algorithms based on the state-space ECM (electrical circuit model) in BMSs (battery management systems). However, when sensing noisy...

This paper investigates a practical universal modeling of multi-cell battery strings in series and parallel connections to show high an accuracy SOC (state-of-charge) estimation based on the EKF (extended Kalman filter) if cell-to-cell variations are taken into account and settled by the...