The quality of modeling results in GIS operations depends on how well we can track error propagating from inputs to outputs. Monte Carlo simulation, moment design and Taylor series expansion have been employed to study error propagation over the years. Among them, first-order Taylor series...

This is the final of a series of four papers on the development of a general framework for error analysis in measurement-based geographic information systems (MBGIS). In this paper, we discuss the error analysis problems in length and area measurements under measurement error (ME) of the...