This paper studies the dynamic structural relationship between the trade balance and the terms of trade by means of a time-scale decomposition. Our analysis is carried out using data obtained from ten developed economies; Australia, Austria, Canada, France, Italy, Japan, Norway, Switzerland, the...

This paper examines the long-run relationship between income and urban air pollution using a joint distribution dynamics approach. This approach enables to estimate the transition process and long-run distribution and to examine the mechanisms behind the evolution process. The approach is...