This paper documents trends over the last two decades in retirement and retirement income choices by TIAA participants. From 2000-2018, the distribution of retirement ages shifted to older ages. The average retirement age rose by approximately 1.3 years for women and 2 years for men. There is...

This paper documents trends over the last two decades in retirement behavior and retirement income choices by participants in TIAA, a large and mature defined contribution plan with a wide range of withdrawal options. Between 2000 and 2018, the average retirement age rose by approximately 1.3...

This paper empirically estimates sustainable sovereign debt limits for 27 OECD countries, updating the model in Ghosh et al. (2013). We assess fiscal reaction functions, confirming the fiscal fatigue hypothesis, where gross debt levels exceeding 140-145% of GDP begin to impair a country's...

We analyze the returns to education in a life-cycle framework that incorporates risk preferences, earnings volatility (including unemployment), and a progressive income tax and social insurance system. We show that such a framework significantly reduces the measured gains from education relative...

We analyze the returns to education in a life-cycle framework that incorporates risk preferences, earnings volatility (including unemployment), and a progressive income tax and social insurance system. We show that such a framework significantly reduces the measured gains from education relative...