The goal of this paper is to investigate and estimate long- run relationships among M1, prices, output and interest rates, with a view to determining if there is a stable relationship that can be interpreted as long-run money demand. The paper uses a maximum-likelihood multiple-equation...

Two problems exist in standard limited-participation models: (1) the liquidity effect is not as persistent as in the data; and (2) some nominal variables are unrealistically volatile. To address these problems, we introduce nominal wage, price, and portfolio adjustment costs, to better understand...