One proxy of price rationing of credit is an aggregation of information on interest rates, while loan officer survey data measures quantity rationing of credit, meaning some borrowers are denied loans. The latter Granger causes real GDP but the former does not. The loan officer survey is a...

This paper presents a linear-city model where firms compete on price and levels of advertising, which affects the perceived utility of products. More cost efficient firms extend their advantage with more advertising, which leads to higher profits, if advertising is sufficiently effective. We...

This paper presents a linear-city model where firms compete on price and levels of advertising, which affects the perceived utility of products. More cost efficient firms extend their advantage with more advertising, which leads to higher profits, if advertising is sufficiently effective. We...