During the U.S.-China trade war, the U.S. punitive tariffs were almost entirely borne by U.S. importers. In contrast …, only 68% of China's retaliatory tariffs were paid by Chinese importers. The puzzling difference between the U.S. and China … product-level tariff pass-through and show that a higher ratio of import demand elasticity over export supply elasticity leads …

In this paper we use multivariate cointegration analysis to estimate electricity demand elasticities at the subsectoral … industry level. This enables us to reap the benefits of lower heterogeneity within the electricity-consuming sectors … between 0.70 and 1.90 for economic activity and between –0.52 and zero for the price of electricity. The short …