The paper estimates equations for regional income convergence in selected EU countries and their NUTS 3 level regions during the European Union pre-enlargement period (1995-2002), using both spatial and non-spatial approaches. There has been absolute income convergence between regions in both...

The advantages of using gravity approach for modeling transition processes in foreign trade are the ability of gravity models to explain international trade pattern under the conditions of comparatively little amount of data and validity of theoretical background of the model to the economies in...