Purpose The objective of this paper is twofold. First, to study the safe-haven characteristic of the Islamic stock indexes and Ṣukūk during the crises time. Second, to evaluate this property in the last pandemic. This study employs the daily dataset from June 15, 2015, to June 15, 2020, for...

In the context of globalization, through a growing process of market liberalization, advanced technology and economic trading bloc, national stock markets have become more interdependent, which limits the international portfolio diversification opportunities. This paper investigates the degree...