We collected 95 primary studies that deploy the gravity model and use a dummy for islands as a controlling variable. Our analysis rejects the presence of (publication) bias in the empirical literature. The primary studies reveal a statistically positive and economically meaningful meta effect....

This paper provides a unified framework to study the interactions between a minority group, a majority group, and political leaders. Theoretically, we set up a dynamic model of discrimination and assimilation choices and characterize the effect of a shock to the return to discriminatory actions....