We analyze the returns to education in a life-cycle framework that incorporates risk preferences, earnings volatility (including unemployment), and a progressive income tax and social insurance system. We show that such a framework significantly reduces the measured gains from education relative...

We analyze the returns to education in a life-cycle framework that incorporates risk preferences, earnings volatility (including unemployment), and a progressive income tax and social insurance system. We show that such a framework significantly reduces the measured gains from education relative...

This paper documents trends over the last two decades in retirement and retirement income choices by TIAA participants. From 2000-2018, the distribution of retirement ages shifted to older ages. The average retirement age rose by approximately 1.3 years for women and 2 years for men. There is...