firm-level productivity paths differ between firms with varying degrees of exposure to international trade in India, the … productivity and a proxy for labor productivity, we find significant ex-ante differences in productivity between exporters and non …-exporters and no difference in the ex-post productivity gains. These findings suggest that even in a large emerging economy with …

model is estimated in order to evaluate the sources of productivity growth: technological progress, technical efficiency … productivity growth, followed by gains in technical efficiency, and to a lesser extent by exploitation of scale economies. Overall …, we find an average productivity growth of 39 per cent within the sample period. -- European railways ; deregulation …