Gravity variables such as distance, adjacency, colony, free trade agreements or language are used to capture the effects of trade costs in empirical studies. By using actual data on trade costs, this paper decomposes the overall effects of such variables on trade into those through three gravity...

Gravity variables such as distance, adjacency, colony, free trade agreements or language are used to capture the effects of trade costs in empirical studies. By using actual data on trade costs, this paper decomposes the overall effects of such variables on trade into those through three gravity...

We derive the exact distribution of the maximum likelihood estimator of the mean reversion parameter (k) in the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process by employing numerical integration via analytical evaluation of a joint characteristic function. Different scenarios are considered: known or unknown drift...