Conventional meta-analyses of correlations are biased due to the correlation between the estimated correlation and its standard error, Simulations that are closely calibrated to match actual research conditions widely seen across correlational studies in psychology corroborate these biases and...

We demonstrate that all meta-analyses of partial correlations are biased, and yet hundreds of meta-analyses of partial correlation coefficients (PCC) are conducted each year widely across economics, business, education, psychology, and medical research. To address these biases, we offer a new...