The iterated Bornhuetter-Ferguson loss reserving method generates an infinite sequence of reserve formulas, with the chain ladder and Bornhuetter-Ferguson formulas at opposite extremes. The sequence also contains the Benktander-Hovinen formula. Although the literature contains parametric...

This article proposes that is termed the ‘Tolerance-Autonomy Model' to explain Sino-DPRK relations by expanding prior theories on international relations between a hegemon and periphery states. According to the model, China will allow actions of the DPRK within the ‘boundary of tolerance' so...