We develop an estimator for publication bias and apply it to 156 hedge portfolios based on published cross-sectional return predictors. Publication bias adjusted returns are only 12% smaller than in-sample returns. The small bias comes from the dispersion of returns across predictors, which is...

Matching asset price volatility in production economies is difficult. This paper shows that this difficulty can be summarized by three nested restrictions. First, matching asset price volatility requires volatile investment returns. Second, volatile investment returns require either large...