This paper reviews the empirical relationships between credit growth, economic recovery, and bank profitability in Europe after the global financial crisis (GFC). We find that the post-GFC recoveries in Europe have been weaker than previous recoveries, with the 'double-dip' recessions in 2011-12...

"Recent years have seen an increasing use of macroprudential policies (MaPPs) in Europe. Since the global financial crisis, many European countries have implemented macroprudential frameworks and tools, producing an expanding body of empirical research on their effectiveness. In part, the goal...

Several emerging market central banks in Europe deployed asset purchase programs (APPs) amid the 2020 pandemic. The common main goals were to address market dysfunction and impaired monetary transmission, distinct from the quantitative easing conducted by major advanced economy central banks....