This paper calculates effective macro-economic tax rates for the 25 EU countries following the methodology developed in Mendoza, Razin, and Tesar (1994). The available Eurostat data allow to compute the tax wedge on consumption, labor and capital. We show that effective tax rates in the 10 new...

War is back in Europe and as it becomes long-lasting, the question of armament gains central importance. This report finds that Russian military industrial capacities have been rising strongly in the last two years, well beyond the levels of Russian material losses in Ukraine. Meanwhile, the...

This paper calculates effective macro-economic tax rates for the 25 EU countries following the methodology developed in Mendoza, Razin, and Tesar (1994). The available Eurostat data allow to compute the tax wedge on consumption, labor and capital. We show that effective tax rates in the 10 new...

Europa muss in der Lage sein, sich gegen Russland zu verteidigen, mit oder ohne die Vereinigten Staaten. Im Folgenden geben wir erste Schätzungen der zusätzlichen Ausrüstung und Truppen ab, die Europa unter der Annahme eines tatsächlichen Rückzugs der USA aus Europa für seine Verteidigung...