contributes to the literature in two critical ways. First, the research attempts to develop a map of the transition risk of the EU …. In detail, it defines an indicator that will identify the transition risk the EU bears. Second, it analyzes any …

originating from possible efficiency improvements in 16 EU countries. Therefore we apply nonparametric methods with a special … improvements and which could be a substantial contribution to the targets of EU climate policy …

The latest projections from pre-2004 EU Member States (EU-15) show that greenhouse gas emissions could be brought down … mechanisms as well as carbon sinks are used, the EU-15 will reach its Kyoto Protocol target. This projection relies on figures … targets. Existing domestic policies and measures will reduce total EU-15 greenhouse gas emissions by a net effect of 0 …

and projections in Europe 2004: Progress by the EU and its Member States towards achieving their Kyoto Protocol targets …