- The cost of gas transmission networks in Europe is currently covered via the so-called entry-exit tariffs. This tariff methodology is based on charging capacity reservations at both entry and exit points of balancing zones, or entry-exit systems. Current entry-exit systems largely coincide...

Introducing competition to the railway market is a long and difficult process and it is still ongoing. The fourth railway package has been adopted making market opening in passenger railways mandatory in the upcoming years. Therefore the debate is now evolving from a theoretical conversation to...

On 7 December, the European Parliament (EP) and the European University Institute (EUI) held a joint history roundtable on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the 1976 Electoral Act, which introduced direct elections to the European Parliament. The event, organised by the Robert Schuman...

The European Rail Sector has room for improvements with regard to its performance. But how exactly are the railways performing and how are they improving? Key Performance Indicators are a popular tool to measure and benchmark the performance of an organisation. They are used on the company...

Due to self-imposed restrictions on joint defence equipment production and technology cooperation, Japan has long been an isolated player in the global defence industry. However, as it is facing the most severe and complex strategic environment in recent years and it has dwindling domestic...

This policy brief explores the extensive deployment of Chinese AI and machine learning technologies across Europe and Latin America in social surveillance. Over the past decade, these technologies have become deeply integrated into the security frameworks of numerous nations, enhancing...

Seismic shifts, conflicts and instability have spurred a revival of the geopolitical discourse in international affairs. Russia's attack on Ukraine has exacerbated this development, raising the stakes for the EU to translate its rhetoric on 'geopolitical Europe' into action. The EU took some...

The European Union is the most polyarchical political institution in the world. This complex constitutional arrangement best explains both its the unique values and difficulties. In order to properly understand the European Union and its unique model of legitimacy, accountability and democracy,...