Most European integration theories have perceived the Commission as a unitary actor with a pro-integration agenda.Yet, empirical studies have shown that Commission actors harbor contending views about European governance. These findings raise a theoretical problem for European integration...

What lives in the European Commission at the beginning of the 21st Century? This paper charts Commission officials’ views on the governance, ideological direction, and policy scope of the European Union, employing data from a large survey conducted in Autumn 2008. First, the Commission is not...

How do Commission officials conceive the Commission’s role in the European Union? Should the Commission be the government of Europe or the servant of member states? Is there a third possibility, the Community method, whereby Commission and member states share authority? This article lays out...