The failure of the Maastricht criteria delayed Estonia’s accession to the European Monetary Union (EMU) until January 2011. During this time, trading shares with Eurozone countries declined, raising questions about the optimal accession time. In this study, the macroeconomic eff ects of...

In diesem Beitrag werfen wir einen Blick auf die 'TARGET2-Debatte', die insbesondere durch die Beiträge von Hans-Werner Sinn (exemplarisch: 2011a-d), John Whittaker (2011), und Ende letzten Jahres bereits durch Peter Garber (2010) initiiert worden ist. Die fachliche Auseinandersetzung hat auf...

This article deals with the macro-economics of the Trans-European Automated Re- al-time Gross Settlement Express Transfer System (TARGET2). Originally, the TARGET2 was in-tended to solely function as a monetary arrangement for liquidity issues. It is shown that the TARGET2 contributes to a...

EMU enlargement not only depends on the individual state of convergence of the accession candidates, but also on their political situation. Therefore, we argue that institutional convergence, in particular monetary policy binding, is equally - if not more - important for successful monetary...

This article deals with the macro-economics of the Trans-European Automated Re- al-time Gross Settlement Express Transfer System (TARGET2). Originally, the TARGET2 was in-tended to solely function as a monetary arrangement for liquidity issues. It is shown that the TARGET2 contributes to a...