Ranking groups (schools, regions, counties) according to the average score of their constituent parts - say, ranking … process. In this paper we show that under certain circumstances the ranking of groups, unlike the ranking of individuals, can … be affected by the examiner. The fact that a ranking reversal is possible does not necessarily imply that the test itself …

absolute performance evaluation system (APE) and a tournament or a ranking system (RE). An important consideration in such an … that are imperfect. Ranking systems are inherently superior to absolute performance evaluation absent performance … manipulation. But, as we show, ranking systems are more susceptible to performance manipulation, and, therefore, absolute …

When rating questions are used to measure attitudes or values in survey research a researcher might want to control for …