We explore the practices of international rating agencies and develop a framework based on the auditor independence model to understand the various rating agency methodologies. Rating agencies methodologies are classified as solicited, unsolicited or co-operative depending upon: (1) whether the...

In the 1990s, the importance of international rating agencies became more pronounced among stakeholders who were interested in screening companies based on specific financial criteria. Now with a focus on sustainability, stakeholders are interested in screening companies on both financial and...

Many commentators have identified the pivotal role of intellectual capital in the valuation of firms and the determination of their future earnings. Innovation in voluntary disclosure of intellectual capital lead by European firms, such as Celemi and Skandia, has generated a plethora of new...