This article uncovers some important empirical regularities surrounding the operation of formal dual exchange rates in Europe and Latin America in the 1970s and 1980s. There are interesting differences in terms of the size and nature of the distortion created by two official exchange rates, the...

This paper uncovers some important empirical regularities for the European dual exchange markets of the early 1970s, examines some of the stylized facts about the Latin American dual-rate regimes and assesses whether there are strong parallels between the two. It concludes that one should be...

The paper develops a general stochastic macroeconomic model which can be used to study the international transmission of disturbances under alternative exchange-rate systems. Four types of exchange-rate systems are considered: uniform flexible exchange rates, uniform fixed exchange rates,...