Emerging economies with inflation targets (IT) face a dilemma between fulfilling the theoretical conditions of strict IT, which imply a fully flexible exchange rate, or applying a flexible IT, which entails a de facto managed floating exchange rate with FX interventions to moderate exchange rate...

Emerging economies with inflation targets (IT) face a dilemma between fulfilling the theoretical conditions of strict IT which implies a fully flexible exchange rate, or applying a flexible IT, which entails a de facto managed floating exchange rate with forex interventions to moderate exchange...

We propose a multi-level dynamic factor model to represent the commonalities in the hourly evolution of realized volatilities of several exchange rates. The model assumes a global factor active during the twenty-four hours of the day, plus four intermittent factors, associated with markets...