Conventional methods to test for long-term PPP based on the theory of cointegration are typically undertaken in the framework of vector error correction models (VECM). The standard approach in the use of VECMs is to employ a model of full-order, which assumes nonzero entries in all the...

The primary focus of this study will be an analysis of the causal links, and an assessment of the causal positioning of the significant variables involved in the interactions, between prices and exchange rates. Do exchange rate movements lead to associated price changes or do price changes lead...