In this article, operational exchange market pressure and intervention indices are derived for a world composed of two interdependent economies. The model-consistent formulae, which can be calculated from observed data, are obtained by applying general definitions of exchange market pressure and...

This paper applies a new measure of the effectiveness of sterilized interventions to data for 16 economies. The measure is defined as the difference between ex ante (xaEMP) and ex post exchange market pressure (xpEMP). xaEMP is calculated on the basis of a counterfactual that no intervention...