The issue of 'trade and exchange rate misalignments' is being discussed at the G20, IMF and WTO, following an initiative by Brazil. The main purpose of this paper is to apply the methodology developed by the authors to exam the impacts of misalignment on tariffs in order to analyze the impacts...

The debate on “exchange wars and trade wars” is raising the attention of experts on international trade and economics. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the impacts of exchange rate misalignments on one of the most traditional trade policy instruments – tariffs, as defined by...

This study aims to compare two different methodologies of calculating exchange rate misalignment and test whether there is interdependence among countries in determining the real effective exchange rate. Two different econometric approaches are used to achieve these goals. The first one involves...