Research has shown that the higher penalties for discrimination under the Civil Rights Act of 1991 appear to have induced hiring discrimination. This occurs because employers use the proxy of protected group membership to identify high litigation risk employees in the absence of reliable...

Despite evidence that delayed exit is a pervasive and consequential problem, relatively little is known about its causes. Moreover, the study of exit delay is confounded by the fact that behavioral theories arising in the literature on escalation of commitment and economic theories that...