One of the greatest challenges of water management in watersheds arises from the asymmetry in water appropriation: people upstream always have first access to water supplies and their decisions affect downstream users. Payments for watershed services (PWS) aim to incentivize water provision...

Over the last decades, there has been a growing interest in evaluating the effectiveness of conservation programs, including the presence of unintended effects in areas not covered by a program, so called spillovers. For example, payments for ecosystem services (PES) can have spillover effects...

Adverse consequences of climate change often affect people and places far away from those that have the greatest capacity for mitigation. Several correlational and some experimental studies suggest that the willingness to take mitigation actions may diminish with increasing distance. However,...