A modelling strategy that accounts for measurement outside the laboratory, where one cannot base measurements on a single simple law, will have to drop the requirement that the model is a homomorphic mapping of the empirical relational structure. The model used for measurement will be a...

In the social sciences we hardly can create laboratory conditions, we only can try to find out which kinds of experiments Nature has carried out. Knowledge about Nature’s designs can be used to infer conditions for reliable predictions. This problem was explicitly dealt with in Haavelmo’s...

The assessment of models in an experiment depends on their material nature and their function in the experiment. Models that are used to make the phenomenon under investigation visible - sensors - are assessed by calibration. However, calibration strategies assume material intervention. The...

The kinds of models discussed in this paper function as measuring instruments. We will concentrate on two necessary steps for measurement: (1) one should search for a mathematical representation of the phenomenon; (2) this representation about the phenomenon should cover an invariant...

The first two chapters of Haavelmo's ‘Probability Approach' provide a very rich epistemological framework for understanding what it entails to finds laws outside the laboratory. Even though these laws will be inexact, a framework was developed to specify for which conditions laws could be...

For measurement outside the laboratory, uncertainty evaluations have to be model-based. Therefore models should not only represent the measure and but also its environment. For measurement in social science these models will be too complex, therefore instead of white-box models, grey-box...