, targets can bluff in order to deter coercion attempts. I find that while sanctions are a weakly dominant tool of influence … committing to a certain course of action for the entire duration of interaction. Moreover, using rewards and sanctions in …

analysis of the geography of trade relations (i.e. the size, the composition and the direction of exports and imports flows …) between the EU and the ENP countries. The findings of the paper illustrate the emerging patterns of trade relations among the …

Based on the gravity model of international trade, this paper initially analyzes North Korea's international trade … pattern, which tends to follow the prediction of the gravity model: a positive relationship between trade and trading partners …' GDP, and negative relationship between trade and distance. This pattern has been consistently preserved over recent …

This article describes the development of international trade blocs world wide from the 1950s till 2010. We updated the … data on international trade flows and introduced a new trade bloc variable based on the intramax hierarchical clustering … technique, which defines trade blocs on actual trade intensities and not - as was preciously done - by traditional geographic …

externalities in the presence of a preferential trade agreement (PTA) in a three-country world. In particular, we examine how a PTA … the several forms of PTAs, we focus on free trade areas (FTAs), where each member country chooses its external tariffs … independently. We build a three-country oligopolistic trade model by incorporating the endogenous determination of standards by …

The German trade in services continuously expands since 2001. So far unknown was the extent to which SMEs in the … service sector participate in this trade. Although only 14 % of SMEs in the service sector export, they contribute a higher …&D-results. Exporting SMEs in the economic sectors transport, trade and business services generate on average 20 % of their total annual …