Improvement in energy efficiency (EE) has slowed globally since 2015 and is now falling short of the 2.6% per year target recommended by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, despite an abundance of EE opportunities. Barriers to EE have existed long before the rise in renewable...

We study supply function competition among conventional power generators with different levels of flexibility. Inflexible generators commit production before uncertainties are realized, while flexible generators can adjust their production after uncertainties are realized. Both types of...