though spillovers. Moreover, competition from foreign firms might force local firms to engage in technology development. We … growing literature on FDI and spillovers in the country. Most previous studies find evidence of positive spillovers. We then …

host country (i.e., spillovers). We document that backward linkages have a consistently positive effect on productivity of … domestic firms while horizontal and forward linkages show no consistent effect. We also examine how the strength of spillovers …